According to Bandura Mbert a Canadian born socio-psychologist who taught in USA deviced a theory called social learning based on what a child learns in the environment through interaction with and observes others.
In social learning behaviour is learnt without necessarily being engaged in it. And such behaviour is not directly reinforced for it to be sustained. This indirect reinforcement is called 'vicarious reinforcement'.
Social learning is observational model of immitation type of learning.
Experiments done in groups:
The first group of children observed and adult behaving aggressively to a large inflated bobdoll. The aggressive acts both physically and verbally ,for example kicking it hailing insults at the doll ,bombarding it with balls.
The second group watched an adult model behaving in a gentle manner with the doll.
Third group was not shown any model at all ,later when each child was allowed to play in a room with a variety of toys including the bobo doll and those in the first group behaved very aggressively than those in the other two groups.
In second group behaved more gently than the other groups. The first group besides immitating the behaviour of the aggressive adult even further.
During the research in theory Bandura advertised in a newspaper for the people who wished to be helped to overcome snake phobia and 32 people responded to the advert. Among them was a museum official who feared entering the snake exhibit in his own museum and several others individual who feared fishing.
Modelling therapy was employed on them ,there was a glass partition through which they saw a therapist playing with a snake to show that the snakes are not dangerous at all. He modelled all snakes in a handling behaviour he intends to display to people to know and learn.
The people entered the enclosure which was full of snakes then the therapist disappeared and those people were left alone with different snakes. Some people would sit on a chair for 30 seconds with their hands down while the snake was allowed to crawl all over their bodies and they passed the test and were no longer afraid of snakes.
Factors factuating social learning:
•The observer must pay attention to the model so that can able to perceive what the model is doing. In the observation process there should be short term and long term in memory. Once stored in the two categories of memory the observer will have no problem at all retrieving the material or skills for future use.
•Motor skills can applied and practised after being observed if the learner is potentially able to apply and practice it.
Reinforcement is done when a model is rewarded when immitate the behaviour or punished if not immitate the model correctly.
•The status of the model is very important people who are of high status serve as good models.And a natural behaviour model is perceived to be warm ,friendly ,considerate and caring is of more likely to be modelled than that of a model who is uncaring and indifferent ,this is because the first model has got qualities that are valyed by society.
The results of social learning inhibit effects occurs when the model is punished and goes unreinforced or unrewarded.
The disinhibiting effect occurs were behaviour that was formally unacceptable now becomes acceptable because of the influence effect of the model. Finally the elliciting effect occurs when behaviour appeals to people and they want to copy it.
The implications to the teacher is to promote clealiness ,friendliness and discipline in the teaching and learning environment.
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