Child centred is an approach used by the teacher whereby pupils are involved in activities and obtain different skills.The teacher is there to guide ,the child whilst learning using all five senses in discovery ,discussion ,project etc.
Teacher centred approach used by the teacher ,whereby learners have miminum participation in learning process.The teacher acts as a fountain of knowledge whilst pupils are passive recipients.For example ,story telling where the teacher is the one only have the stories to tell.Drilling method where the teacher only give facts towards examinations.
Similarities:Both are methods of teaching and involving learning.They involve teacher and pupils and develop listening skills.
These methods are both tested ,assessed and evaluated.All are introduced and have conclusion.Also both may cause disciplinary problems.
Differences:Child centred is time consuming than teacher centred.Where the teacher is the guide in child centred and a leader in teacher centred.
Child centred develops skills more than teacher centred,but is stressful to the part of the teacher due to some preparation.
Teacher centred is a traditional method whilst child centred is contemporary progressive method and promotes laziness in learners ,the child centred creates curiosity and develop all skills.
Teacher centred approach has disciplinary problems than the child centred which promotes pupil/pupil interaction than teacher centered, since child centred promotes effective learning than teacher centred.Nevertheless teacher centred approach covers wide coverage than child centred.
Displayed media that had been used for reinforcement skills.These displays gives the chance for pupils to read ,however these displays must be current ,for a period of a week or two.
Permanant displays end up being noticed.
Routine /Ritual Displays :Examples: timetable,duty roaster or rota
All these must be permanantly displayed.On the duty roaster inclusion of classroom cleaning ,book filling ,etc.
Every subjects must have a space for its own displays.
Flanel board for pasting some pictures ,for example flies.Children 's work should be also displayed and should be current so that they can be motivated.
Charts displayed must have purpose ,avoid wasting space by displaying useless media.All the displayed charts must have a title which is related to contents.Framed charts look presentable and smart to attract eyes of the reader.
The font and language used must be relevant to the level /standard of the children.
Classroom interactions has many forms which include teacher /pupil or pupil /pupil or media /pupil or pupil/pupil interactions.
Kyriacou(1994)says, classroom interaction denote the relationship between the teacher and pupils .This relationship is important to teaching and learning as it promote a conducive environment ,which effectively create a sound teacher rapport through:
Acceptance of the teacher's authority and established and sustained teacher authority in addition to mutual respect
How to establish and sustain Teacher Authority this is done in four ways:
♦need to sustain some status
♦to demostrate /teacher competence
♦exercise control over the classroom
♦exercise control over the discipline
By virtue of being a teacher ,you derive some status so you should maintain it ,as an example a learner from society full of drunkards may not respect teachers.
It is necessary to behave like a person with status.Just walk ,talk ,drink or dance like a teacher.
Appear confident and relaxed ,being sure of what you are doing.Exercise right of status in a position of a teacher.
Teacher Competent should have a general fountain of knowledge and show delight in pupils ' work and give them assistance.The teacher should be carefully mark children's work and show exactly where the child should improve or work on.
Smith and Laslant(1992)identify four rules in classroom management:
•get them in:teach them concepts in life and culture.
•get them out :associated classroom rules and rules be enforced.
•get on with it: be aware of the task on hand ,be cautious of classroom problems.
•get on with them:don't set them in "don'ts"
Be Vigilant, muutual respect is two way liking or regard pupils with high esteem such that they will reciprocate or regard you in esteem.
Learner who is lazy about the cause ,the teacher's duty is of the cause .Take account each learner as of infinitive value ,regards every learner as a genius and facilitates the enlisting of the hidden treasure.
Overall the establisment and maintaining of teacher authority are essential in establishing sound class interaction coupled with the establishment of mutual respect .However it should be done with caution.
Class display should be purposeful and frequently done in line with the children's developmental level.
16 October 2010
The Importance of Learning and Teaching Aids in the Education Process
The governments and other responsible authorities in schools spent a lot of funds buying audio-visual aids through the audio visual services but many teachers especially secondary school teachers hardly use teaching aids and they perceived them as unnecessary.
Teachers especially in primary Education should be encouraged to use as many teaching and learning aids as possible to set an environment which is stimulative and conducive to learning and in which pupils can be easily guided through the discovery of knowledge on their own.
Learning and teaching aids are items used to facilitates learning and teaching.These can be visual or audio .
Bruner(1966)defines learning as the teaching intend to evoke in the learner's mind the patterns of ideas similar to those which already exist in the teacher's mind .To show that the learner has learnt and must then put together those patterns by using more than one sense of the five senses of touch ,sight ,hearing ,smelling and feeling.Moreover the instruction that provided to the learner proceeded from a direct experience through the representation of pictures films etc to symbolic represantation as in words.
Concrete experience to facilitate learning and the acquisition retention and usability of abstract samples.The provision of a good learning environment is what distinguishes a good teacher from an inferior one .Whatever subjects or grade you teach ,the use of learning aids is always superior to the non-use of aids
There are a variety of learning aids that can be used to make a lesson more interesting and more clearly explained .Examples are:
•Fixed on the walls of the classroom are chalkboard,charts etc
•Electronics include computers,TVs ,Radios ,overhead Projectors
•Environment and Resource persons
Choice of learning Aids should fulfill the aims and objective of the lesson to be taught .An aid used in one lesson might not relay the same message when used in another lesson.
A teacher therefore should carefully plan and choose the aids to be used in one particular lesson .Learning aids if not propery chosen might misled the pupils instead of promoting understanding.
Points to consider when choosing Learning Aids:
♦Choose learning aids that are appropriate for each individual lesson.
♦Aids should be large enough to be seen by pupils sitting at the back of the class.
♦They should be easily understood by the all cognitive levels of pupils.
♦If two of more learning aids are to be used in one lesson .They should have some relationship to each other so that they connect well in the pupils' minds.
♦Choose aids which will encourage pupils active participation in class as well a securing their attention through out the lesson.
♦The teaching and learning aids should be as natural as possible and should assimilate the real thing.It is meaningless to colour on orange ,blue when it is yellow in real life.
♦Choose aids that you are able to manipulate.
Advantages of using Media:They arouse interests as little is learnt when one is not motivated. A motivated learner become attentive only if got interests thus correct use visuals aids can be used to arouse interests.
♥ They define facts and concepts precisely and easily .Here teaching aids are seen as a way of making abstract and complex concepts easier to understand on the part of the learner.
♥Audio-visual aids make learning appeal to various sense organs thereby making learning more real as well as helping learners remember what they would have learnt much more easily than without any teaching and learning aids.
Teachers especially in primary Education should be encouraged to use as many teaching and learning aids as possible to set an environment which is stimulative and conducive to learning and in which pupils can be easily guided through the discovery of knowledge on their own.
Learning and teaching aids are items used to facilitates learning and teaching.These can be visual or audio .
Bruner(1966)defines learning as the teaching intend to evoke in the learner's mind the patterns of ideas similar to those which already exist in the teacher's mind .To show that the learner has learnt and must then put together those patterns by using more than one sense of the five senses of touch ,sight ,hearing ,smelling and feeling.Moreover the instruction that provided to the learner proceeded from a direct experience through the representation of pictures films etc to symbolic represantation as in words.
Concrete experience to facilitate learning and the acquisition retention and usability of abstract samples.The provision of a good learning environment is what distinguishes a good teacher from an inferior one .Whatever subjects or grade you teach ,the use of learning aids is always superior to the non-use of aids
There are a variety of learning aids that can be used to make a lesson more interesting and more clearly explained .Examples are:
•Fixed on the walls of the classroom are chalkboard,charts etc
•Electronics include computers,TVs ,Radios ,overhead Projectors
•Environment and Resource persons
Choice of learning Aids should fulfill the aims and objective of the lesson to be taught .An aid used in one lesson might not relay the same message when used in another lesson.
A teacher therefore should carefully plan and choose the aids to be used in one particular lesson .Learning aids if not propery chosen might misled the pupils instead of promoting understanding.
Points to consider when choosing Learning Aids:
♦Choose learning aids that are appropriate for each individual lesson.
♦Aids should be large enough to be seen by pupils sitting at the back of the class.
♦They should be easily understood by the all cognitive levels of pupils.
♦If two of more learning aids are to be used in one lesson .They should have some relationship to each other so that they connect well in the pupils' minds.
♦Choose aids which will encourage pupils active participation in class as well a securing their attention through out the lesson.
♦The teaching and learning aids should be as natural as possible and should assimilate the real thing.It is meaningless to colour on orange ,blue when it is yellow in real life.
♦Choose aids that you are able to manipulate.
Advantages of using Media:They arouse interests as little is learnt when one is not motivated. A motivated learner become attentive only if got interests thus correct use visuals aids can be used to arouse interests.
♥ They define facts and concepts precisely and easily .Here teaching aids are seen as a way of making abstract and complex concepts easier to understand on the part of the learner.
♥Audio-visual aids make learning appeal to various sense organs thereby making learning more real as well as helping learners remember what they would have learnt much more easily than without any teaching and learning aids.
LESSON DELIVERY SKILLS: STIMULUS VARIATION
Every lesson is a unique thing influenced by the emotions of the teacher and learners.The teacher can make lesson more interesting through the effective use of stimulus variations to make learners motivated on grasping concepts.
According to longman dictionary stimulus variation is something which is the cause of activity. Stimulus variation is a way of enhancing children learning by helping them remain attentive.It is a way of maintaining students ' attention.
If the teacher talks too long students are bound interests or eye conduct to the teacher.The teacher should reduce talking such that pupils has interest in what they are doing through varying stimulus.
A teacher who is able to vary stimulus the lesson become effective as there is high participation in pupils and great achievements of the lesson objectives.
Positive results of learners who given a task in a more interesting lesson can perform well and there will be no disciplinary problems.
Forms of Stimulus Variation:
Vary Methodology :For example demostrations,games ,groupwork ,songs .
Introduce groupwork projects or individual projects ,like in Art and craft,music social studies etc.Introducing variation is because each and every pupil would have something which are interested in.
Dramatisation ,story telling and jokes are part of stimulating these unique learners at every angle. Give children current reading publications ,oral reports ,outdoor activities ,guest speakers ,tests in small groups and individual tests.
Different pupils prefer to learn in different modes so a teacher has to vary methodology use visual learning because it provide opportunities to see.
Vary questions or Variation in Questioning :
Questions is also a stimulus ,it provide pupils with the opportunity to talk.Questions themselves should be varied,for example low order and high order questions.
Varying of Non -verbal Gestures:In the lesson delivery the teacher should be able to use hands ,eyes ,body or even clap ,stamp feet or dance as a way of maintaining pupils interest in the lesson.
The teacher can even make strategic movements around the classroom or pointing to something written on the wall.
These gestures should have a specific purpose ,so that pupils should be able to decode what those gestures mean .
Over use of gestures might end up becoming a habit and then defeat the purpose of being a stimulus.
Verbal Gestures:These verbal gestures can be a way of asking pupils when you are teaching ,for instance ,look here,attention ,listen ,are we together ,stand up or sit down.
Movement Variation or Kinetic Variation:Varying movements by continuously changing locotion within the classroom .This captures pupils' attention and every position they are sitting they feel the distance.Pupils feel that the teacher is with them .The movements are a way of reducing the distance from pupils.
Sensory Change or Variation in Sensory Channels:Varying the senses that students are using.Children might require to touch ,see ,smell ,feel.
If these senses are not varied it means those pupils who interested in hearing are going to benefit and those pupils who are interested in touching are not benefiting.The introduction of addition sensory modes in a lesson.
Variation in Voice /Use of Voice :The use of pitch in voice projection as a stimulus ,should indicate ,relative important of information.That's it should indicate happiness or sorrow.In other words voice can be reduced .thus slowing speech pattern as a way of stimulating pupils' intersts.Variation can be lower volume or accent of voice.
Silence /Pose:Silence can indicate that what has just said is important or it can indicate that what happened is unacceptable.
Silence can also indicate the opportunity allowance for pupils to think and respond to the asked question.
Remain silent until pupils are also observe silence.
Variation in Interaction Style :Interaction style can be used as stimulus ,for example teacher/pupil or pupil/pupil or pupil /teacher.Variation in interaction so as to stimulate pupils inerests .Some variation interaction styles are used in groupwork or individual work.
Vary Marking Styles:An effective teacher should vary the marking /comments.
General Appearance/Variation in Appearance: The teacher must change dressing on daily basis and change of hairstyles.
Vary introduction and Conclusion:There so many ways of introducing lessons and making conclusion ,pupils get interested to easily get in the lesson if given the new lesson etraordinarily or when it is concluded in a creatively new note.
Problems in Implementing:Lack of resources ,teachers might want to use various instructional media.Teachers expertise ,might want to discharge duty ,but if lacks professionalism whatever done become meaningless.Wrong timing of variations ,,teachers may mis time their stimulus variations.Stories and jokes might be unrelated.Kinetic movement might disturb pupils' concentration.
Assignment Questions
(1)What is stimulus variation?
(2)Give reasons why a teacher should vary stimulus in the teaching and learning situation?
(3)Suggest ways teacher can vary stimulus on all subjects on the timetable?
(4)How can a teacher selects a three dimensional media as a stimulus in teaching a particular concept in Mathematics at any grade level of choice?
According to longman dictionary stimulus variation is something which is the cause of activity. Stimulus variation is a way of enhancing children learning by helping them remain attentive.It is a way of maintaining students ' attention.
If the teacher talks too long students are bound interests or eye conduct to the teacher.The teacher should reduce talking such that pupils has interest in what they are doing through varying stimulus.
A teacher who is able to vary stimulus the lesson become effective as there is high participation in pupils and great achievements of the lesson objectives.
Positive results of learners who given a task in a more interesting lesson can perform well and there will be no disciplinary problems.
Forms of Stimulus Variation:
Vary Methodology :For example demostrations,games ,groupwork ,songs .
Introduce groupwork projects or individual projects ,like in Art and craft,music social studies etc.Introducing variation is because each and every pupil would have something which are interested in.
Dramatisation ,story telling and jokes are part of stimulating these unique learners at every angle. Give children current reading publications ,oral reports ,outdoor activities ,guest speakers ,tests in small groups and individual tests.
Different pupils prefer to learn in different modes so a teacher has to vary methodology use visual learning because it provide opportunities to see.
Vary questions or Variation in Questioning :
Questions is also a stimulus ,it provide pupils with the opportunity to talk.Questions themselves should be varied,for example low order and high order questions.
Varying of Non -verbal Gestures:In the lesson delivery the teacher should be able to use hands ,eyes ,body or even clap ,stamp feet or dance as a way of maintaining pupils interest in the lesson.
The teacher can even make strategic movements around the classroom or pointing to something written on the wall.
These gestures should have a specific purpose ,so that pupils should be able to decode what those gestures mean .
Over use of gestures might end up becoming a habit and then defeat the purpose of being a stimulus.
Verbal Gestures:These verbal gestures can be a way of asking pupils when you are teaching ,for instance ,look here,attention ,listen ,are we together ,stand up or sit down.
Movement Variation or Kinetic Variation:Varying movements by continuously changing locotion within the classroom .This captures pupils' attention and every position they are sitting they feel the distance.Pupils feel that the teacher is with them .The movements are a way of reducing the distance from pupils.
Sensory Change or Variation in Sensory Channels:Varying the senses that students are using.Children might require to touch ,see ,smell ,feel.
If these senses are not varied it means those pupils who interested in hearing are going to benefit and those pupils who are interested in touching are not benefiting.The introduction of addition sensory modes in a lesson.
Variation in Voice /Use of Voice :The use of pitch in voice projection as a stimulus ,should indicate ,relative important of information.That's it should indicate happiness or sorrow.In other words voice can be reduced .thus slowing speech pattern as a way of stimulating pupils' intersts.Variation can be lower volume or accent of voice.
Silence /Pose:Silence can indicate that what has just said is important or it can indicate that what happened is unacceptable.
Silence can also indicate the opportunity allowance for pupils to think and respond to the asked question.
Remain silent until pupils are also observe silence.
Variation in Interaction Style :Interaction style can be used as stimulus ,for example teacher/pupil or pupil/pupil or pupil /teacher.Variation in interaction so as to stimulate pupils inerests .Some variation interaction styles are used in groupwork or individual work.
Vary Marking Styles:An effective teacher should vary the marking /comments.
General Appearance/Variation in Appearance: The teacher must change dressing on daily basis and change of hairstyles.
Vary introduction and Conclusion:There so many ways of introducing lessons and making conclusion ,pupils get interested to easily get in the lesson if given the new lesson etraordinarily or when it is concluded in a creatively new note.
Problems in Implementing:Lack of resources ,teachers might want to use various instructional media.Teachers expertise ,might want to discharge duty ,but if lacks professionalism whatever done become meaningless.Wrong timing of variations ,,teachers may mis time their stimulus variations.Stories and jokes might be unrelated.Kinetic movement might disturb pupils' concentration.
Assignment Questions
(1)What is stimulus variation?
(2)Give reasons why a teacher should vary stimulus in the teaching and learning situation?
(3)Suggest ways teacher can vary stimulus on all subjects on the timetable?
(4)How can a teacher selects a three dimensional media as a stimulus in teaching a particular concept in Mathematics at any grade level of choice?
ISLAM HOLY SCRIPTURES AND MAJOR TEACHINGS!
Qur'ãn believed to be a copy of eternal scriptures written in heaven and reviewed chapter by chapter to the Prophet Muhammad. It is the direct word of Allah which guides the muslims what is in the Qur'ãn is sufficient and complete for Muslims. In as far as what is contained in other books if the Qur'ãn confirms the Muslims confirm as well. If the Qur'ãn rejects ,the Muslims also reject it. Moreso if the Qur'ãn doesn't speak about it ,the Muslims don't need it and don't accept or reject it.
Muslims from the prophet's teachings believed in one Supreme God Allah the almight,creator and sustainer of life. Allah is invisible ,eternal ,omnipotent(great power without limit),omniscient(present everywhere) and nothing else can be called Allah as the name has no plural.
Islam contradict the idea of some christians of trinity . The idea of trinity doctrine implies that God is in partnership with other divine beings thereby compromising his oneness to the Islam beliefs it amounts to a form of idolatry.
In the existence of the angels Muslims concur that angels created by Allah ,although he is alone as the God figure is surrounded and assisted by angels. These angels perform a variety of functions for example recording the deeds of a man throughout human life and they don't consider as divine in their own right.
Prophets are regarded as Allah's messengers whom his revelations has brought to mankind. The list of prophets include names like:Abraham,Ishmael,Isaac,Jacb,Moses ,Jesus and others. Muhammad was the last and the final of these messengers who was the greatest of all Allah's messengers.
Muslims believe in the day of judgement ,that upon death the body returns to Earth and the soul gets in to a state of sleep until ressurection day when Allah will judge. Man's deeds will be weighed on the judgement day and will be assigned to 'Jannah or Johannam' which are equivelant to heaven or hell respectively.One destiny depends on the moral records during the period of his /her stay on Earth. There is room for repentence during one's life. This is according to Qur'ãn:Surah 39:42, ''Allah receiveth souls at the time of their death ,and that which dieth not in its sleep .He keepth that for which He hath ordained death''.On resurrection Surah 75 devote to ''Qiyamat''(AYA) which means resurection or ''The rising of the dead'' (MMP).
Surah 75:1,3,6,40,AYA, ''I do call to witness the Resurrection Day ...Man think we cannot assemble his bones...Allah has the power to give life to the dead''.
According to the Islam the soul can have different destinies which may be either in heavenly gardern of paradise or the punishment of a burning hell.Surah 51:12-14( MMP)states the judgement day as when they will be tormented at the fire. So for the sinners taste your torment in the life of the world which is more painful and have no defender from Allah.
After the death a person's soul goes to the Barzakh or 'Partition' a place in which people will be after death waiting the judgement day.(Surah 23:99,100,AYA)The soul is conscious in the ''Chastisement of the Tomb''
In marriage views Islam promote polygamy ,nevertheless many Muslims are monogamous.This is because of the burden faced by many widows and orphans. Quran made room for polygamy as to marry two,three or four wives and do justice to them.
Another form of marriage called mut'ah is defined marriage as a special contract between couples through offer and acceptance of marriage for a specific period of time. Dowry (Islamuna) is the permanent marriage. But Sunnis regard Shíãh as marriage for pleasure and the children are legitimate and have the same rights like those in the permanent marriage. Apparently Islam is one of the religion which force its followers to practice circumcision which believed started by Abraham to his sons Ishmael and Isaac. The major benefits of cirmcision is reduction of sexually transmitted disease including HIV and AIDS by 50-65% according to researches. Cancer both to a man and his wife as approved by medical practitioners. It also give ultimate sexual pleasure and good hygiene.
The daily life of a devout Muslim is to turn to Mecca five times a day in prayer (salãt) . On Friday is the sabbath day when the Muslims gathered in their Mosque for prayer and hear the haunting call of muezzin from the minaret of the Mosque. The Mosque is the place of worship where they call to Allah,study,legal and judicial activities ,consultation ,preaching ,guidance,education and preparation.For every place there is Muslim society there must be a Mosque. These Mosque are now found everywhere in the world even in non Islamic states.
The Muslims must observe five pillars found in Surah 33:40,2:144,24:56,2:183-1853,3:97 These are:
•(shahãddah)Muhammad the prophet is the messenger of Allah. No god but Allah.
•(salãt)A prayer facing towards Mecca five times a day.
•(zakãh)A charity to give a percentage of one's valueable property or income.
•(sawm)Fasting especially month-long of Ramadan celebration.
•(hajj)Pilgrimage, an obligation to every Muslim male to visit the holy city Mecca. Excuses is extended to those ill and poor.
When Muslim pilgrims at Mecca walk seven times around the Ka'bah and touch or kiss the black stone.
The Prophet Muhammad's death leads to massive division between the Sunní and the Shí'ite Muslims ,The unity was later restored by succesors. However the Muslim tradition says the prophet Muhammad peace be upon him ascended to heaven from the rock in the D
Muslims from the prophet's teachings believed in one Supreme God Allah the almight,creator and sustainer of life. Allah is invisible ,eternal ,omnipotent(great power without limit),omniscient(present everywhere) and nothing else can be called Allah as the name has no plural.
Islam contradict the idea of some christians of trinity . The idea of trinity doctrine implies that God is in partnership with other divine beings thereby compromising his oneness to the Islam beliefs it amounts to a form of idolatry.
In the existence of the angels Muslims concur that angels created by Allah ,although he is alone as the God figure is surrounded and assisted by angels. These angels perform a variety of functions for example recording the deeds of a man throughout human life and they don't consider as divine in their own right.
Prophets are regarded as Allah's messengers whom his revelations has brought to mankind. The list of prophets include names like:Abraham,Ishmael,Isaac,Jacb,Moses ,Jesus and others. Muhammad was the last and the final of these messengers who was the greatest of all Allah's messengers.
Muslims believe in the day of judgement ,that upon death the body returns to Earth and the soul gets in to a state of sleep until ressurection day when Allah will judge. Man's deeds will be weighed on the judgement day and will be assigned to 'Jannah or Johannam' which are equivelant to heaven or hell respectively.One destiny depends on the moral records during the period of his /her stay on Earth. There is room for repentence during one's life. This is according to Qur'ãn:Surah 39:42, ''Allah receiveth souls at the time of their death ,and that which dieth not in its sleep .He keepth that for which He hath ordained death''.On resurrection Surah 75 devote to ''Qiyamat''(AYA) which means resurection or ''The rising of the dead'' (MMP).
Surah 75:1,3,6,40,AYA, ''I do call to witness the Resurrection Day ...Man think we cannot assemble his bones...Allah has the power to give life to the dead''.
According to the Islam the soul can have different destinies which may be either in heavenly gardern of paradise or the punishment of a burning hell.Surah 51:12-14( MMP)states the judgement day as when they will be tormented at the fire. So for the sinners taste your torment in the life of the world which is more painful and have no defender from Allah.
After the death a person's soul goes to the Barzakh or 'Partition' a place in which people will be after death waiting the judgement day.(Surah 23:99,100,AYA)The soul is conscious in the ''Chastisement of the Tomb''
In marriage views Islam promote polygamy ,nevertheless many Muslims are monogamous.This is because of the burden faced by many widows and orphans. Quran made room for polygamy as to marry two,three or four wives and do justice to them.
Another form of marriage called mut'ah is defined marriage as a special contract between couples through offer and acceptance of marriage for a specific period of time. Dowry (Islamuna) is the permanent marriage. But Sunnis regard Shíãh as marriage for pleasure and the children are legitimate and have the same rights like those in the permanent marriage. Apparently Islam is one of the religion which force its followers to practice circumcision which believed started by Abraham to his sons Ishmael and Isaac. The major benefits of cirmcision is reduction of sexually transmitted disease including HIV and AIDS by 50-65% according to researches. Cancer both to a man and his wife as approved by medical practitioners. It also give ultimate sexual pleasure and good hygiene.
The daily life of a devout Muslim is to turn to Mecca five times a day in prayer (salãt) . On Friday is the sabbath day when the Muslims gathered in their Mosque for prayer and hear the haunting call of muezzin from the minaret of the Mosque. The Mosque is the place of worship where they call to Allah,study,legal and judicial activities ,consultation ,preaching ,guidance,education and preparation.For every place there is Muslim society there must be a Mosque. These Mosque are now found everywhere in the world even in non Islamic states.
The Muslims must observe five pillars found in Surah 33:40,2:144,24:56,2:183-1853,3:97 These are:
•(shahãddah)Muhammad the prophet is the messenger of Allah. No god but Allah.
•(salãt)A prayer facing towards Mecca five times a day.
•(zakãh)A charity to give a percentage of one's valueable property or income.
•(sawm)Fasting especially month-long of Ramadan celebration.
•(hajj)Pilgrimage, an obligation to every Muslim male to visit the holy city Mecca. Excuses is extended to those ill and poor.
When Muslim pilgrims at Mecca walk seven times around the Ka'bah and touch or kiss the black stone.
The Prophet Muhammad's death leads to massive division between the Sunní and the Shí'ite Muslims ,The unity was later restored by succesors. However the Muslim tradition says the prophet Muhammad peace be upon him ascended to heaven from the rock in the D
AFFECTIVE INTELLECTUALS IN THE LEARNING SYSTEM
For children to have interests in their own learning process there is need to develop their affective intellectual domains from knowledge level upto evaluation level so that they understand the meaning of learning system to them. Affective intellectual domains in learning system are many but now lets focus on application ,analysis ,synthesis and evaluation levels
Application level is closely related to comprehension ,but goes step further ,for example to test for comprehension a problem can be solved if the formula for solving it has been given. On application the learner should be able to use the concept elsewhere as a formula to solve a problem.
Example 1: On the topic: 'Crop plants and animals' ,key concept: 'Green plants need water ,carbon dioxide ,sunlight to make food' The question :'Why is it important for a farmer to understand how the green plants make food?
Example 2:On the topic: 'Health and pollution' Key concept:'People use the sense of sight ,hearing ,touch ,taste and smell to survive in the environment' The question: 'When would you use youe ears more than your eyes?'
On these two examples its covers on for infants and the other for juniours . The first question is obvious difficulty for infants and the second question is very simple for juniours so is only suitable infants.
Analysis level is the ability to break materials into parts and identify its organisational structure and relationship between parts. Children should be able to seperate the whole into its components. Learners are allowed to show in the form of diagrams and charts ,breakdown ,distinguish ,infer,select,seperate and subdivide.
Juniours on the topic:'Crop plants and animals'
Key concepts:'Green plants need water ,carbon dioxide and sunlight to make food'
Question:'How does a plant makes food during the period when it has shade leaves.Explain why it is so?
Infants topic:'Health and pollution'
Key concept:'People use the sense of sight hearing ,touch ,taste and smell to survive in the environment'.
Question:'What sense would you use to find more about a bird ,flower ,tree,lizard ,river ,fire,wind?'
Synthesis level involve the ability to combine separate components inorder to make a whole. Pupils are expected to design ,create device ,hypothesise ,modify and generalise. This is actually a problem solving situation requiring and element of creativity.
Juniour topic: 'Crop plants and animals'
Key concept:'Green plants need water'
Question:'How would you make a plant to make food?
Infant topic:'Health and pollution'
Key concept:'People use sense of sight ,hearing ,touch ,taste and smell to survive in the environment.'
Question:'Name two things you can explore by using your senses?'
Evaluation level is the highest of intellectual effort which means that pupils has to judge the value of an object ,solution ,person's abilities. This refers to creative thought applied to making judgements and evaluating ideas and information which may be ambigious related to value criteria. Pupils are expected to appraise ,compare ,justify and contrast.
Juniours topic:'Crop plant and animals'
Key concept:'Green plants need water ,carbon dioxide and sunlight to make food'
Question:'What would happen if green plants would no longer make food?'
Infants topic:'Health and pollution'
Key concept:'People use the sense of sight ,hearing ,touch ,taste and smell to survive in the environment'
Question:'Which of the sense do you think is the most important to us . Why?
*When asking question it is important to use the appropriate action verbs stating what pupils are expected to do.
Application level is closely related to comprehension ,but goes step further ,for example to test for comprehension a problem can be solved if the formula for solving it has been given. On application the learner should be able to use the concept elsewhere as a formula to solve a problem.
Example 1: On the topic: 'Crop plants and animals' ,key concept: 'Green plants need water ,carbon dioxide ,sunlight to make food' The question :'Why is it important for a farmer to understand how the green plants make food?
Example 2:On the topic: 'Health and pollution' Key concept:'People use the sense of sight ,hearing ,touch ,taste and smell to survive in the environment' The question: 'When would you use youe ears more than your eyes?'
On these two examples its covers on for infants and the other for juniours . The first question is obvious difficulty for infants and the second question is very simple for juniours so is only suitable infants.
Analysis level is the ability to break materials into parts and identify its organisational structure and relationship between parts. Children should be able to seperate the whole into its components. Learners are allowed to show in the form of diagrams and charts ,breakdown ,distinguish ,infer,select,seperate and subdivide.
Juniours on the topic:'Crop plants and animals'
Key concepts:'Green plants need water ,carbon dioxide and sunlight to make food'
Question:'How does a plant makes food during the period when it has shade leaves.Explain why it is so?
Infants topic:'Health and pollution'
Key concept:'People use the sense of sight hearing ,touch ,taste and smell to survive in the environment'.
Question:'What sense would you use to find more about a bird ,flower ,tree,lizard ,river ,fire,wind?'
Synthesis level involve the ability to combine separate components inorder to make a whole. Pupils are expected to design ,create device ,hypothesise ,modify and generalise. This is actually a problem solving situation requiring and element of creativity.
Juniour topic: 'Crop plants and animals'
Key concept:'Green plants need water'
Question:'How would you make a plant to make food?
Infant topic:'Health and pollution'
Key concept:'People use sense of sight ,hearing ,touch ,taste and smell to survive in the environment.'
Question:'Name two things you can explore by using your senses?'
Evaluation level is the highest of intellectual effort which means that pupils has to judge the value of an object ,solution ,person's abilities. This refers to creative thought applied to making judgements and evaluating ideas and information which may be ambigious related to value criteria. Pupils are expected to appraise ,compare ,justify and contrast.
Juniours topic:'Crop plant and animals'
Key concept:'Green plants need water ,carbon dioxide and sunlight to make food'
Question:'What would happen if green plants would no longer make food?'
Infants topic:'Health and pollution'
Key concept:'People use the sense of sight ,hearing ,touch ,taste and smell to survive in the environment'
Question:'Which of the sense do you think is the most important to us . Why?
*When asking question it is important to use the appropriate action verbs stating what pupils are expected to do.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)